ADHD: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Natural Treatment Options

Do you ever feel like your mind is constantly racing, making it impossible to focus, stay organized, or even just catch your breath? You are not alone! 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects focus, impulse control, and emotional regulation. It’s more than just being distracted or hyperactive- it’s a daily challenge that can impact every part of your life, from school, to work, relationships, and your sense of self-worth.

Living with ADHD can be overwhelming- not just for you but for the people who care about you. 

The common symptoms you may experience are:

• Inattentiveness
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsiveness

Whether it’s the frustration of forgetting important tasks, the overwhelming juggling of responsibilities, or the emotional toll of being misunderstood, ADHD touches everything, and sometimes even medications don’t work!

A study on ADHD and alternative treatments by Dr. H. Russell Searight from the Lake Superior State University, MI, USA, states “An estimated 20–30% of children with AD/HD do not respond to stimulant medication.”

But here’s the good news- you don’t have to go through this alone, and there is more hope than you might realize. ADHD doesn’t define who you are, it simply describes how your brain works. 

With the right team, treatment plan, and support, you can learn to thrive!

In this article, we will help you understand ADHD, its types, symptoms, and causes, and introduce natural effective approaches to managing it even if you are already on medication.

From diet changes to exercise, herbal remedies, and functional medicine, these solutions go beyond masking symptoms- they empower you to reclaim control of your life. 

Let’s explore how to get there, together! Keep on reading to learn more.

What Is ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder often diagnosed in childhood but can persist into adulthood. It affects an individual’s ability to focus, control impulses, and regulate hyperactive behavior. ADHD can impact various areas of life, including academics, work, relationships, and overall mental health.

The prevalence of ADHD has increased steadily over the years. A 2024 study by Dr. Melissa L Danielson from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, states “Approximately 1 in 9 U.S. children have ever received an ADHD diagnosis (11.4%, 7.1 million children) and 10.5% (6.5 million) had current ADHD.”

Types of ADHD

According to the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD is classified into three main types based on symptoms:

• Predominantly Inattentive Type (formerly called ADD): People with this type of ADHD have difficulty paying attention to details, are easily distracted and forgetful, and have trouble organizing tasks or completing assignments. 
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: People with this type of ADHD experience fidgeting and an inability to sit still, excessively talking or interrupting others, and acting without consideration of consequences.
• Combined Presentation: People with combined presentation ADHD have a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. This is the most common type of ADHD diagnosis. 

Difference Between ADD and ADHD

The terms ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) and ADHD are often used interchangeably but they are not the same. Today, ADD is no longer used in clinical settings, and ADHD is the umbrella term that describes all presentations.

ADD refers to a version of ADHD without the hyperactivity component. This is now categorized as Predominantly Inattentive Type ADHD. 

ADHD encompasses the full spectrum of symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. 

What Are The Signs and Symptoms of ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) manifests in two primary behavioral categories:

• Inattentiveness: Difficulty concentrating and maintaining focus. 
• Hyperactivity and Impulsiveness: Excessive activity and acting without thinking. 

While many individuals with ADHD exhibit symptoms in both categories, some only experience inattention which can sometimes go unnoticed, especially in cases where hyperactivity is absent. 

ADHD is more frequently diagnosed in boys than girls but girls are more likely to display inattentiveness rather than hyperactive behaviors, making their symptoms harder to recognize and diagnose. 

Symptoms in Children and Teenagers

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and teenagers are often noticeable before age six. Symptoms occur in multiple settings such as school, home, or social gatherings. 

The signs of ADHD in children and teenagers can present as follows:

Inattentiveness

• Short attention span and frequent distractions.
• Forgetfulness and misplacing items.
• Difficulty completing tasks, especially ones that require sustained focus.
• Trouble following instructions or organizing activities.

Hyperactivity and Impulsiveness

• Constant movement or fidgeting.
• Difficulty staying seated in quiet settings. 
• Talking excessively and interrupting others.
• Acting without thinking about consequences.
• Trouble waiting their turn or following social rules. 

These symptoms can lead to challenges like poor school performance, disciplinary issues, and difficulties in social interactions. 

A study on ADHD in children by Dr. Barbara Felt from the University of Michigan, MI, USA, states “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in children, and the prevalence is increasing.” Understanding and recognizing the signs and symptoms is important for early diagnosis and intervention. 

Symptoms in Adults 

The common symptoms of adult ADHD include:

• Difficulty focusing, prioritizing, or completing tasks.
• Forgetfulness and frequently misplacing items.
• Poor organizational skills and procrastination.
• Restlessness, irritability, or emotional dysregulation.
• Risk-taking behavior.
• Challenges managing stress.
• Trouble maintaining long-term commitments. 

Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms often appear more subtle, with hyperactivity decreasing but inattention and impulsivity persisting. Adult ADHD symptoms often impact career, relationships, and personal well-being. 

Adults with ADHD are also more likely to experience conditions like depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders which can complicate diagnosis and treatment. Studies show that the prevalence of ADHD into adulthood is only 2-3% which is about 2 to 3 out of 100 people. But that might be because the diagnosis of ADHD in adulthood can be challenging. 

In a study on adult ADHD, Dr. Ozge C. Williams from the Department of Psychiatry, Ozark Center Joplin, MO, states “The diagnosis of ADHD is often complicated by masking coping mechanisms, an overlap of symptoms with other, more commonly diagnosed disorders.”

Symptoms of ADHD in Women

The symptoms of ADHD in women can include the following:

• Feeling overwhelmed or disorganized in daily tasks.
• Emotional sensitivity, including mood swings and anxiety.
• Chronic procrastination or perfectionism.
• Difficulty managing multiple responsibilities.
• Low self-esteem due to persistent struggles with productivity.

ADHD symptoms in women often go unnoticed due to its subtle presentation compared to men. Symptoms tend to align more with inattentiveness, leading to internal struggles rather than noticeable disruptive behaviors. This is why women and girls with ADHD go undiagnosed for longer.

Women with ADHD are more likely to face societal expectations to manage work and home tasks seamlessly which can exacerbate symptoms and lead to feelings of inadequacy.

What Are The Causes of ADHD?

The causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not fully understood but research points to a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. These factors can affect brain development and function, contributing to the symptoms of ADHD. 

Here are the causes of ADHD:

• Genetics: ADHD often runs in families, suggesting a strong genetic link. If a parent or sibling has ADHD, the likelihood of a diagnosis increases.
• Brain Structure and Function: Studies have shown differences in brain regions involved in attention, impulse control, and activity regulation. Lower activity in these areas, along with an imbalance of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine is common in individuals with ADHD.
• Prenatal and Early Life Factors: Studies show maternal smoking, alcohol use, premature birth or low birth weight, and exposure to toxins such as lead during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. 
• Environmental Factors: Early exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, and cigarette smoke. Significant maternal stress and trauma during pregnancy or early childhood can also be factors in the development of ADHD. 
• Diet and Lifestyle Factors: While not direct causes, certain dietary choices, sleep distributions, and lack of physical activity can exacerbate symptoms in individuals predisposed to ADHD.

Diagnosis of ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis is a comprehensive process that involves evaluating behavioral symptoms and ruling out other potential causes. There is no single test for ADHD. Instead, the diagnosis relies on clinical assessments based on criteria established by the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition).

Here are the steps to an ADHD diagnosis:

• Clinical History and Interviews: A healthcare professional will gather a detailed history of your behavior, symptoms, and challenges in various settings. 
• Behavioral Criteria:

Symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity must:

• Occur in at least two settings (e.g. home and school)
• Persist for at least six months. 
• Interfere with functioning or development.

• Developmental Assessment: Since ADHD is a developmental disorder, symptoms must be present before age 12, even if diagnosed later in life. 
• Screening Tools and Questionnaires: Tools like the Conners’ Rating Scale (CRS) or Vanderbilt Assessment Scale help measure the severity of symptoms. 
• Exclusion of Other Conditions: Diagnosing ADHD requires ruling out other conditions that may have similar symptoms, such as:
  • Anxiety or mood disorders.
  • Learning disabilities.
  • Thyroid disorders or sleep apnea.

Natural Treatment Options For ADHD

Natural treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) focus on addressing underlying causes and managing symptoms without relying solely on medications. While conventional treatments like ADHD medication can be effective, many people explore holistic and natural ADHD treatments to minimize side effects and improve overall well-being. 

At Bay Clinic of Chiropractic in Panama City, Florida, our team is here to support you every step of the way! Dr. Tony Salamay, an expert Chiropractor and Functional Medicine practitioner offers comprehensive, compassionate care that implements a holistic approach to treat ADHD and optimize your mind and body. 

The natural approach to healthcare emphasizes lifestyle adjustments, nutrition, supplements, and herbal remedies to enhance focus, reduce hyperreactivity, and support emotional regulation.

In the following sections, you will learn about holistic treatments and how they help your ADHD symptoms. 

Functional Medicine for ADHD Treatment

Functional medicine is a unique approach to healthcare that aims to identify and treat the root causes of ADHD by evaluating your unique biology, lifestyle, and environmental factors. 

Dr. Tony Salamay is an expert Functional Medicine practitioner who creates personalized treatment plans tailored to your needs. His functional medicine approach often includes taking thorough medical history, physical exams, and lab tests. 

Functional Medicine Tests for ADHD

Functional medicine testing for ADHD gives insight into your body’s function, biochemistry, hormonal balance, genetics, and environmental factors like stress, toxins, and poor diet. Your functional medicine practitioner will use the information from the testing to craft a personalized treatment plan unique to your needs. 

Here are some of the functional tests that your functional medicine practitioner may conduct:

• Environmental Toxin Testing
• Heavy Metal Testing
• Food Sensitivities Testing
• Genetic Testing
• Hormone Testing
• Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)

Dietary Changes for ADHD Treatment

Dietary changes are a key component of natural ADHD treatment, as diet plays a critical role in brain function and behavior. The right foods can support neurotransmitter function, stabilize energy levels, and reduce inflammation while avoiding certain triggers can help manage hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Dr. Tony Salamay is an experienced Nutritionist and expert natural healer who knows how to use the power of nutrition to help your ADHD and improve your overall health. He creates tailored personalized nutrition plans based on your unique needs, optimizing your body and mind.

By adopting an ADHD-friendly diet tailored to your needs, you can support your brain health, reduce symptom severity, and improve your overall quality of life.

Here are our recommendations for foods to eat and foods to avoid for ADHD:

Foods to Eat for ADHD

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fatty fish (e.g. salmon, mackerel) and flaxseeds, omega-3s support brain health and improve focus.
• Lean Protein: Eggs, chicken, turkey, and tofu can stabilize blood sugar and enhance neurotransmitter production.
• Fruits and Vegetables: Packed with antioxidants, they combat oxidative stress linked to  ADHD symptoms.
• Whole Grains (if tolerated): Brown rice, quinoa, and oats provide steady energy and improve attention. 

Foods to Avoid for ADHD

• Sugary Snacks and Drinks: High sugar intake can lead to energy crashes and worsen hyperactivity.
• Artificial Additives: Food dyes, preservatives, and artificial sweeteners may trigger behavioral issues in sensitive individuals.
• Highly-Processed Foods: Chips, fast food, and packaged snacks can exacerbate inflammation.
• Allergen-Prone Foods: Gluten, dairy, or other allergens may trigger symptoms in those with sensitivities.

Supplements for ADHD Treatment

Supplements can be a valuable addition to natural ADHD treatment, providing essential nutrients that support brain health and improve focus, mood, and energy regulation. 

While a balanced diet is the best source of nutrients, supplements can help fill gaps in cases of deficiency or increased need. Supplements work best as a part of a comprehensive ADHD management plan that includes diet, exercise, and other therapies or even medications. 

For appropriate dosing and to ensure safety, it’s best to consult with an experienced functional medicine practitioner or a doctor. 

The section below contains five key supplements we use to help manage ADHD symptoms. 

Omega- 3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats the body can’t produce alone. They play a crucial role in brain function and reducing inflammation. Studies show omega-3s improve attention, memory, and mood regulation by supporting neurotransmitter function and reducing inflammation in the brain. They are also beneficial for reducing hyperactivity and improving focus in individuals with ADHD. 

They are found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. The recommended daily dose is 1000 to 2000 mg.

Magnesium 

Magnesium is a mineral involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, including those affecting nerve function and muscle relaxation. Low magnesium levels are linked to irritability, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping- all common ADHD symptoms. Supplementing magnesium can improve sleep quality, reduce hyperactivity, and enhance focus.

Natural sources of magnesium include leafy greens (spinach, kale), nuts and seeds (almonds, sunflower seeds), legumes, and whole grains. The suggested daily dose is 200-400 mg but for correct dosing for you, consult with a healthcare provider.  

Zinc

Zinc is a trace mineral essential for immune function, cell growth, and neurotransmitter production. Zinc supports dopamine regulation, a neurotransmitter involved in attention and impulse control. Studies suggest zinc supplementation can reduce hyperactivity, improve attention, and enhance the effectiveness of ADHD medication.

You can find zinc in shellfish (oysters, crab), meat ( beef, chicken),  pumpkin seeds, and chickpeas. The suggested daily dose of zinc is 10-15 mg, depending on dietary intake and individual needs. 

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Sleep disturbances are common in individuals with ADHD exacerbating symptoms like irritability and poor focus. Supplementing melatonin can promote better sleep which is vital for managing ADHD symptoms. 

Melatonin is found in small amounts in foods like cherries, bananas, and tomatoes but is primarily available as a supplement. The suggested daily dose is 1-5 mg, taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime, depending on age and sleep needs. 

Iron

Iron is a mineral critical for oxygen transport in the blood and dopamine synthesis in the brain. Low iron levels, particularly in the form of ferritin (stored iron), are associated with ADHD symptoms. Supplementing iron can improve cognitive function, attention, and overall energy levels.

Natural sources of iron are red meat, poultry, fish, lentils, beans, and dark leafy greens. The suggested daily dose is 10-30 mg, depending on iron levels and age but supplementation should be guided by a functional medicine practitioner or doctor to avoid excess iron intake. 

Herbal Remedies

Herbal remedies are used in natural medicine to support brain health and improve Focus, emotional regulation, and stress management. Certain herbs show promise for alleviating ADHD symptoms by reducing hyperactivity, boosting cognitive function, and enhancing neurotransmitter balance. While herbal remedies may not replace conventional treatments, they can be an effective complementary option without many side effects. 

Here are three herbal remedies for ADHD:

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha is an adaptogen, meaning it helps the body manage stress. It may improve focus, reduce hyperactivity, and stabilize mood by lowering cortisol levels and enhancing neurotransmitter activity. Additionally, it supports better sleep and reduces anxiety, common challenges for individuals with ADHD. 

You can find ashwagandha in capsules, tablets, powder, tea, or tincture form. 

Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is known for enhancing blood flow to the brain which can improve memory, focus, and cognitive function. Its antioxidant properties may protect brain cells and support dopamine regulation, beneficial for those with ADHD. 

It’s available in capsules, tablets, herbal tea, or liquid extracts. 

Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri is a herb commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine, known for its cognitive-enhancing effects. It supports memory, learning, and attention by promoting healthy communication between brain cells and reducing oxidative stress. It may also help alleviate anxiety, a common comorbidity with ADHD.

It is available in tablets, capsules, powder, or herbal tea. 

Chiropractic Care for ADHD Treatment

Chiropractic care focuses on optimizing nervous system function which plays a critical role in managing ADHD symptoms. By addressing misalignments in the spine, chiropractors aim to improve communication between the brain and body, potentially reducing hyperactivity and improving focus.

Dr. Tony Salamay from the Bay Clinic of Chiropractic in Panama City, Florida is an expert Chiropractor who brings years of experience and expertise to your personalized treatment. He offers compassionate and comprehensive care with a unique personal approach that will get you to your health goals. 

Experience personalized holistic care and guidance on your journey to better focus and well-being. Reach out to the Bay Clinic of Chiropractic to schedule your appointment at (850) 785-9372 or info@thebaydoctor.com.

Here are three techniques that we use for individuals with ADHD. 

Spinal Manipulation

Adjustments to the spine can enhance nervous system function, promoting better communication between the brain and body. This may help with impulse control and focus.

Targeted Exercises

Chiropractors may recommend exercises that improve coordination, balance, and brain function which can positively influence ADHD symptoms.

Soft Tissue Therapy

Techniques like massage or myofascial release can reduce tension and promote relaxation, helping to calm hyperactivity and improve mood. 

Exercise

Regular physical activity is a cornerstone of natural ADHD management. Exercise improves mood, reduces stress, and increases availability of dopamine and norepinephrine which are essential for focus and attention. It can also burn off excess energy, making it easier to manage hyperactivity and impulsivity. 

Incorporating regular exercise, dietary changes, supplements, and chiropractic care into a comprehensive  ADHD management plan can lead to significant improvements in symptoms and overall well-being. 

Here are three types of exercise for ADHD:

Aerobic Exercise

Aerobic exercise includes activities like running, swimming, or cycling which increase heart rate and release brain-boosting chemicals that enhance focus and memory.

Yoga

Yoga combines physical movement with mindfulness and deep breathing exercises, promoting relaxation, emotional regulation, and improved attention. 

Strength Training

Resistance exercises like weightlifting or bodyweight training can help with focus, discipline, and building self-confidence.

Team Sports

Sports like basketball, soccer, or volleyball encourage physical activity while teaching teamwork and social skills, often beneficial for individuals with ADHD. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What Does ADHD Stand For?

ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects children and adults, often impacting focus, emotional regulation, and behavior in various settings like school, work, or home.

How To Treat ADHD in Adults Without Medication?

ADHD can be managed naturally through dietary changes, supplements, herbal remedies, exercise, and therapies such as chiropractic care. These approaches aim to improve focus, emotional regulation, and overall well-being without relying solely on medication. 

Can Allergies Worsen ADHD?

Yes, allergies may worsen ADHD symptoms. Inflammatory responses or sensitivities to allergens can exacerbate hyperactivity, inattention, or irritability. Identifying and managing triggers, such as food sensitivities, can help reduce their impact on ADHD symptoms.

Is ADHD Autism?

No, ADHD and autism are distinct neurodevelopmental disorders. While they share overlapping traits like difficulties with attention and social interaction, they have different diagnostic criteria and underlying causes. However, they can coexist in the same individual, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

How to Get Tested for ADHD?

To get tested for ADHD, consult a healthcare professional specializing in mental health. Diagnosis typically involves interviews, questionnaires, and observations of behavior patterns over time. Testing may include input from family, and teachers, and psychological evaluations to rule out other conditions.

Does Caffeine Help ADHD?

Yes, caffeine may help people with ADHD by improving focus and alertness, as it stimulates the central nervous system. However, excessive caffeine can worsen anxiety or disrupt sleep, potentially aggravating ADHD symptoms.

Conclusion

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents in childhood but can persist into adulthood. 

The symptoms are inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can interfere with various settings, including social relationships, work-life, school, and home. 

At the Bay Clinic of Chiropractic, we understand the struggles of ADHD and can help you manage them holistically! Our team is dedicated to helping you better your life using natural treatments. Dr. Tony Salamay is an expert Chiropractor and Functional Medicine practitioner who has a unique way of treating ADHD. 

Dr. Salamay offers a comprehensive approach that focuses on treating the root cause of your symptoms without relying solely on medications. Implementing compassionate care involving dietary adjustments, supplements, herbal remedies, and chiropractic care can help balance your mind and body, helping alleviate ADHD symptoms.

To schedule a consultation with Dr. Tony Salamay, contact the Bay Clinic of Chiropractic at (850) 785-9372 or info@thebaydoctor.com.

References

1. Searight HR, Robertson K, Smith T, Perkins S, Searight BK. Complementary and Alternative therapies for Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Descriptive review. ISRN Psychiatry [Internet]. 2012 Dec 26;2012:1–8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3671686/ 
2. Danielson ML, Claussen AH, Bitsko RH, Katz SM, Newsome K, Blumberg SJ, et al. ADHD Prevalence among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology [Internet]. 2024 May 3;53(3):343–60. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15374416.2024.2335625 
3. Solanto MV. The predominantly inattentive subtype of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. CNS Spectrums [Internet]. 2000 Jun 1;5(6):45–51. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cns-spectrums/article/abs/predominantly-inattentive-subtype-of-attentiondeficithyperactivity-disorder/FEF70EBEC209667BC4863DF38B38BC26 
4. Browning L, Cannoy CN, Moses TEH, Lundahl LH, Ledgerwood DM, Greenwald MK. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined subtype exacerbates opioid use disorder consequences: Mediation by impulsive phenotypes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence [Internet]. 2024 Apr 13;259:111292. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871624002138?via%3Dihub 
5. Diamond A. Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): A neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity). Development and Psychopathology [Internet]. 2005 Sep 1;17(03). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1474811/ 
6. Vňuková M, Děchtěrenko F, Weissenberger S, Anders M, Ptáček R. Childhood School Performance in Adults Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders [Internet]. 2022 Dec 9;27(3):307–12. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10870547221140601 
7. Felt BT, Biermann B, Christner JG, Kochhar P, Van Harrison R. Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children [Internet]. AAFP. 2014. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/1001/p456.html 
8. Williams OC, Prasad S, McCrary A, Jordan E, Sachdeva V, Deva S, et al. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review. Annals of Medicine and Surgery [Internet]. 2023 Apr 12;85(5):1802–10. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10205222/ 
9. Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, et al. Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/  hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Aug 12;20(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7422602/ 
10. Kranz TM, Grimm O. Update on genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current status 2023. Current Opinion in Psychiatry [Internet]. 2023 Jan 16;36(3):257–62. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/abstract/2023/05000/update_on_genetics_of_attention.17.aspx 
11. Yu M, Gao X, Niu X, Zhang M, Yang Z, Han S, et al. Meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations of brain in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry [Internet]. 2023 Jan 6;13. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9853532/ 
12. Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children. Environmental Health Perspectives [Internet]. 2006 Sep 18;114(12):1904–9. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1764142/ 
13. Cabral MDI, Liu S, Soares N. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Translational Pediatrics [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;9(S1):S104–13. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7082246/ 
14. Alhossein A, Abaoud AA, Becker D, Aldabas R, Bakhiet SF, Jaffal MA, et al. Psychometric Properties of ADHD Rating Scale—5 for children and Adolescents in Sudan—School version. Frontiers in Psychology [Internet]. 2022 Jun 27;13. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9272821/ 
15. Weissenberger S, Ptacek R, Klicperova-Baker M, Erman A, Schonova K, Raboch J, et al. ADHD, Lifestyles and Comorbidities: A Call for an Holistic Perspective – from Medical to Societal Intervening Factors. Frontiers in Psychology [Internet]. 2017 Apr 6;8. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5382165/ 
16. D’Adamo CR, Kaplan MB, Campbell PS, McLaughlin K, Swartz JS, Wattles KR, et al. Functional medicine health coaching improved elimination diet compliance and patient-reported health outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Feb 23;103(8):e37148. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11309605/ 
17. Pinto S, Correia-De-Sá T, Sampaio-Maia B, Vasconcelos C, Moreira P, Ferreira-Gomes J. Eating Patterns and Dietary Interventions in ADHD: A Narrative review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Oct 16;14(20):4332. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9608000/ 
18. Dighriri IM, Alsubaie AM, Hakami FM, Hamithi DM, Alshekh MM, Khobrani FA, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain functions: a systematic review. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Oct 9; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9641984/ 
19. Dighriri IM, Alsubaie AM, Hakami FM, Hamithi DM, Alshekh MM, Khobrani FA, et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain functions: a systematic review. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Oct 9; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9641984/ 
20. Arnold LE, Lofthouse N, Hurt E. Artificial Food Colors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye for. Neurotherapeutics [Internet]. 2012 Jul 1;9(3):599–609. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3441937/ 
21. Arnold LE, Lofthouse N, Hurt E. Artificial Food Colors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye for. Neurotherapeutics [Internet]. 2012 Jul 1;9(3):599–609. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3441937/ 
22. Bloch MH, Mulqueen J. Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America [Internet]. 2014 Aug 12;23(4):883–97. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4170184/ 
23. Abdullah M, Jowett B, Whittaker P, Patterson L. The effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation in reducing ADHD associated symptoms in children as measured by the Conners’ rating scales: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-effectiveness-of-omega-3-supplementation-in-in-Abdullah-Jowett/f4a2a1e12a0576c1fb32aee25b74b93ac24f03ca 
24. Effatpanah M, Rezaei M, Effatpanah H, Effatpanah Z, Varkaneh HK, Mousavi SM, et al. Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research [Internet]. 2019 Feb 19;274:228–34. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165178118318456?via%3Dihub 
25. Talebi S, Miraghajani M, Ghavami A, Mohammadi H. The effect of zinc supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis of randomized clinical trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition [Internet]. 2021 Jun 29;62(32):9093–102. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408398.2021.1940833 
26. Checa-Ros A, Muñoz-Hoyos A, Molina-Carballo A, Viejo-Boyano I, Chacín M, Bermúdez V, et al. Low Doses of Melatonin to Improve Sleep in Children with ADHD: An Open-Label Trial. Children [Internet]. 2023 Jun 28;10(7):1121. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10378280/ 
27. Wang Y, Huang L, Zhang L, Qu Y, Mu D. Iron Status in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2017 Jan 3;12(1):e0169145. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5207676/ 
28. Ashwagandha in brain disorders: A review of recent developments [Internet]. ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340667419_Ashwagandha_in_brain_disorders_A_review_of_recent_developments#full-text 
29. Silberstein RB, Pipingas A, Song J, Camfield DA, Nathan PJ, Stough C. Examining Brain‐Cognition effects of ginkgo biloba extract: brain activation in the left temporal and left prefrontal cortex in an object working memory task. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. 2011 Jan 1;2011(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3166615/ 
30. Walker EA, Pellegrini MV. Bacopa monnieri [Internet]. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589635/ 
31. Fairest C, Russell D. Improvement in behavior and attention in a 7-year-old girl with ADHD receiving chiropractic care: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Chiropr Pediatr. 2019 Jun;18(1):1525–1533. Available from: https://jccponline.com/ADHD.pdf
32. Sun W, Yu M, Zhou X. Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research [Internet]. 2022 Mar 14;311:114509. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178122001238?via%3Dihub 
33. Gonzalez NA, Sakhamuri N, Athiyaman S, Randhi B, Gutlapalli SD, Pu J, et al. A Systematic Review of Yoga and Meditation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Mar 14; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10101238/